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King Solomon-era mines discovered in Israel

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« on: September 09, 2013, 05:41:11 am »

King Solomon-era mines discovered in Israel

Copper mines discovered in Israel that were thought to have been built by the ancient Egyptians, were active three centuries later and were actually King Solomon-era mines, archaeologists have claimed.

Known as Slaves' Hill, the site is among thousands of copper mines scattered about the Timna Valley in the Aravah Desert, an area previously thought to have been mined by the ancient Egyptians in the 13th century BC.

The discovery of an Egyptian temple at the heart of the site in the late 1960s seemed to confirm who presided over the ancient industrial area.

But now a team of archaeologists from Tel Aviv University claim to have found items that showed mining activity in fact took place on the hill three centuries later during Solomon's reign.

Analysis of 11 samples of metals, clothing, fabrics, ceramics and ropes as well as foods, like dates, grapes and pistachios recovered from the Slave's Hill site and carbon dated at the University of Oxford matched the period.

The study, led by archaeologist and metallurgist Dr. Erez Ben-Yosef, suggests the discovery may confirm King Solomon – and with it King David's – place in history.

Dr Ben-Yosef said: "The mines are definitely from the period of King Solomon.

"The findings at the Slaves' Hill undermine criticisms of the Bible's historicity based on a lack of archaeological evidence.

"It's entirely possible that David and Solomon existed and even that they exerted some control over the mines in the Timna Valley at times."

His team say the artefacts of materials and scholarly work belonged to the Edomites, seminomadic tribes who warred with Israel and formed an early kingdom to rival David's kingdom of Judah.

Evidence suggests the miners lived in a tented community based around the Slaves' Hill and operated furnaces to extract the valuable copper between the 3100 and 2900 years ago.


http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/10287460/King-Solomon-era-mines-discovered-in-Israel.html
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« Reply #1 on: September 09, 2013, 05:41:47 am »

Proof of Solomon's Mines Found in Israel
An excavation led by TAU archaeologists dates mines in the south of Israel to the days of King Solomon


New findings from an archaeological excavation led this winter by Dr. Erez Ben-Yosef of Tel Aviv University's Jacob M. Alkow Department of Archaeology and Near Eastern Cultures prove that copper mines in Israel thought to have been built by the ancient Egyptians in the 13th century BCE actually originated three centuries later, during the reign of the legendary King Solomon.
 
Based on the radiocarbon dating of material unearthed at a new site in Timna Valley in Israel's Aravah Desert, the findings overturn the archaeological consensus of the last several decades. Scholarly work and materials found in the area suggest the mines were operated by the Edomites, a semi-nomadic tribal confederation that according to the Bible warred constantly with Israel.
 
"The mines are definitely from the period of King Solomon," says Dr. Ben-Yosef. "They may help us understand the local society, which would have been invisible to us otherwise."
 
Slaves to history
 
Now a national park, Timna Valley was an ancient copper production district with thousands of mines and dozens of smelting sites. In February 2013, Dr. Ben-Yosef and a team of researchers and students excavated a previously untouched site in the valley, known as the Slaves' Hill. The area is a massive smelting camp containing the remains of hundreds of furnaces and layers of copper slag, the waste created during the smelting process.
 
In addition to the furnaces, the researchers unearthed an impressive collection of clothing, fabrics, and ropes made using advanced weaving technology; foods, like dates, grapes, and pistachios; ceramics; and various types of metallurgical installations. The world-renowned Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit at the University of Oxford in England dated 11 of the items to the 10th century BCE, when according to the Bible King Solomon ruled the Kingdom of Israel.
 
The archaeological record shows the mines in Timna Valley were built and operated by a local society, likely the early Edomites, who are known to have occupied the land and formed a kingdom that rivaled Judah. The unearthed materials and the lack of architectural remains at the Slaves' Hill support the idea that the locals were a semi-nomadic people who lived in tents.
 
The findings from the Slaves' Hill confirm those of a 2009 dig Ben-Yosef helped to conduct at "Site 30," another of the largest ancient smelting camps in Timna Valley. Then a graduate student of Prof. Thomas E. Levy at the University of California, San Diego, he helped demonstrate that the copper mines in the valley dated from the 11th to 9th centuries BCE — the era of Kings David and Solomon — and were probably Edomite in origin. The findings were reported in the journal The American Schools of Oriental Research in 2012, but the publication did little to shake the notion that the mines were Egyptian, based primarily on the discovery of an Egyptian Temple in the center of the valley in 1969.
 
Power without stone
 
The Slaves' Hill dig also demonstrates that the society in Timna Valley was surprisingly complex. The smelting technology was relatively advanced and the layout of the camp reflects a high level of social organization. Impressive cooperation would have been required for thousands of people to operate the mines in the middle of the desert.
 
"In Timna Valley, we unearthed a society with undoubtedly significant development, organization, and power," says Ben-Yosef. "And yet because the people were living in tents, they would have been transparent to us as archaeologists if they had been engaged in an industry other than mining and smelting, which is very visible archaeologically."
 
Although the society likely possessed a degree of political and military power, archaeologists would probably never have found evidence of its existence if it were not for the mining operation. Ben-Yosef says this calls into question archaeology's traditional assumption that advanced societies usually leave behind architectural ruins. He also says that the findings at the Slaves' Hill undermine criticisms of the Bible's historicity based on a lack of archaeological evidence. It's entirely possible that David and Solomon existed and even that they exerted some control over the mines in the Timna Valley at times, he says.
 
Dr. Ben-Yosef is leading another dig at the Slaves' Hill in the winter and is looking for volunteers.

http://www.aftau.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=19081
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« Reply #2 on: September 09, 2013, 05:42:33 am »

King Solomon-Era Mines Were Misattributed To Ancient Egyptians, Researchers Say (PHOTOS)

Perhaps finally putting to rest a longstanding debate among experts, some researchers claim they can now definitively state that an ancient mine did exist during the time of the biblical King Solomon.

The site in question, a vast expanse of copper mines in the Timna Valley of Israel's Aravah Desert, had at one time been linked to the ancient Egyptians in the 13th century B.C. However, archaeologist Dr. Erez Ben-Yosef of Tel Aviv University announced last week that radio carbon dating of new artifacts suggest the mines were operational in the 10th century B.C.

"The mines are definitely from the period of King Solomon," Ben-Yosef said in a press statement from the American Friends of Tel Aviv University. "They may help us understand the local society, which would have been invisible to us otherwise."

The 10th-century king is often regarded as one of the greatest Israeli kings in the Bible, according to Britannica. A strong leader possessing great wisdom, Solomon presided over an expansion of Israel and the building of the Temple of Jerusalem.

Ben-Yosef and the rest of his Tel Aviv University team used 10 date pits and one olive pit to date the site, an ancient smelting camp known as Slaves' Hill, according to Haaretz. The samples were then sent off to Oxford for a detailed analysis and carbon-14 dating.

The controversy over who operated the Timna Valley mines began in the 1930s, LiveScience notes. It was then that American archaeologist Nelson Glueck told the world he had finally found the source of the fabulous treasure that the Bible claims belonged to King Solomon.

In 1969, however, an Egyptian temple was found in the valley, seemingly disproving Glueck's fanciful claims and leading some researchers to claim the mines were in fact built by Egyptians.

Over the course of the recent dig, the team uncovered a trove of artifacts, including clothing, sophisticated woven ropes and ceramics.

Haaretz notes that no evidence so far directly links King Solomon himself to the mines. In fact, it's more likely they were operated by an Israelite rival, the Edomites. However, Ben-Yosef told the outlet he hadn't ruled out the possibility that the Edomites had been subjugated by King Solomon and were working the mines under Israel's supervision.

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/06/king-solomon-mines-mystery-ancient-egyptians_n_3870807.html?utm
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